Before Minneapolis, there was the Boston Massacre. My 1983 thesis on how the press covered it.

Paul Revere’s famous engraving. Via the Yale University Art Gallery.

All of a sudden, the Boston Massacre is in the news.

Journalists and historians such as Josh Marshall, Radley Balko and Ted Widmer have all written essays in recent days arguing that the uprising against thuggish federal agents in Minneapolis has similarities to the events of Monday, March 5, 1770. That’s when a company of British soldiers who were occupying Boston fired on an angry mob, killing five people.

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In 1983, while I was an American history student at Boston University, I wrote my master’s thesis on “The Boston Massacre and the Press.” In it, I documented how the local newspapers covered “the Horrid Massacre in Boston.” It was a one-sided affair, as the Patriots had driven out Loyalist printers in the years leading up to the Massacre.

One example: In 1769, John Mein of the Boston Chronicle published the names of Patriot merchants who were secretly violating an agreement not to important British goods. Among those merchants was John Hancock. A Patriot gang descended on Mein, and he was forced to flee to England. The Chronicle continued to publish under Mein’s more cautious business partner, John Fleeming, but it lost readers and influence, shutting down a few months after the Massacre.

For some time I’ve wanted to make my thesis available, but I also wanted to convert it into text and do some editing. I didn’t get around to it, but I did scan it as a PDF, and the text is searchable. And here’s a technical note: I wrote it on a Radio Shack Color Computer using a word-processing program called VIP Writer, which was a WordStar clone. I printed it on a daisy-wheel printer. Those were the days.

You can download my thesis here.

A New York Times video analysis shows that Alex Pretti was executed while unarmed

Bystander video shared with The New York Times shows Jeffrey Pretti holding his phone as he’s taken down by federal agents.

The New York Times has produced another visual analysis (gift link) of a fatal shooting in Minneapolis by federal agents.

As with Renee Good on Jan. 7, the killing of Alex Jeffrey Pretti appears to be entirely unjustified. Preliminary statements from government officials that Pretti was approaching agents with a gun were false. If they didn’t know what they were saying was untrue at the time, they knew shortly thereafter.

Based on what we’ve learned, Pretti, a registered nurse, was video-recording agents while walking toward them as they went about their business of terrorizing the populace. An agent pepper-sprayed a woman, and Pretti got between her and the agent in an attempt to shield her. He was holding up his phone with one hand; his other hand was empty.

Agents then pepper-sprayed him and took him to the pavement. At that point, an agent took Pretti’s handgun and walked away. In Minnesota it is legal to carry a gun in public, and Pretti had a valid license. Again, he had not touched his gun; rather, an agent saw it and removed it from him.

Then, with Pretti’s gun removed and down on the pavement, agents began shooting him, firing 10 shots. It has all the appearances of the deliberate execution of an unarmed man — an act of state-sponsored terrorism. By the time Stephen Miller took to Twitter/X on Saturday afternoon and posted, “An assassin tried to murder federal agents,” he knew he was lying.

If you’re looking to catch up, Heather Cox Richardson has pulled together all the various strands, including efforts by Minnesota state investigators to preserve the crime scene and a letter from Attorney General Pam Bondi to Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz that can only be described as attempted extortion.

Minneapolis is under siege. And if you’re thinking, well, that’s just one city, I’ll close by paraphrasing a quote that is often attributed to the science-fiction writer William Gibson: Fascism has arrived — it’s just not evenly distributed yet.

Update: A little after 2:30 p.m., I changed the headline from “suggests that Alex Pretti was executed” to “shows that Alex Pretti was executed.” As the hours go by, the truth of what happened is becoming clearer. The Times itself is now asserting, “Videos directly contradict descriptions of the encounter by administration officials.”

Correction: Updated to correct Alex Pretti’s name.

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There’s no mystery about what happened in the killing of Renee Good

ICE agents in South Minneapolis on Monday. Photo (cc) 2026 by Nicole Neri / Minnesota Reformer.

I posted this on Facebook earlier today, and it’s gotten a lot of interaction, with nearly 100 comments so far. Feel free to comment here, but if you’d like to join the conversation on Facebook, here’s the link.

I’ve seen a few people of good will argue that we should withhold judgment on ICE agent Jonathan Ross’ killing of Renee Good until the investigation is complete. I’m sorry, no. We know exactly what happened, from multiple angles. Every new video only makes Ross’ actions look more outrageous. And, of course, the feds are already impeding any legitimate investigation.

Public anger diminishes with every day that passes, and then we’re on to the next thing. (Invasion of Greenland, anyone?) There are no ambiguities. We know what happened. Ross should be arrested and charged with murder. Then there really will be an investigation, and we can let a jury of his peers decide his fate.